Article I Galactic Rotation Curves Dark Matter = 0 This article is the first of ten analyses in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. Category B dismantles the kinetic interpretation of gravitational dynamics and replaces it with the structural reality of the EMF Tension Field Ψ_EMF. B1 begins with the greatest collapse in…

Article 2 A Local FlatApproximationof the Scroll This article is the second of ten analyses in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B2 demonstrates why Newton’s inverse-square law is not a universal description of motion, but a local tangent approximation of the Scroll’s flatness near regions where curvature K(x) ≈ 0. Both Newton’s…

Article 3 Ψ_EMF Cohesion,Not Invisible Mass This article is the third analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B3 exposes the failure of Newtonian gravity and General Relativity to explain the stability and mass distribution of galaxy clusters. These failures led directly to the invention of Dark Matter. Under the Lilborn Framework,…

Article 4 Formation Without Dark Matter This article is the fourth analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B4 examines tidal dwarf galaxies, small galaxies formed from the debris of galactic interactions and demonstrates why their existence fundamentally disproves the Dark Matter paradigm. Under the Lilborn Framework, their stability arises from Ψ_EMF…

Article 5 Why Rotational Velocity Scales with Baryonic Mass inthe Lilborn Universe The Tully–Fisher relation is one of the most precise observational laws in astrophysics: a galaxy’s rotational velocity scales as the fourth power of its baryonic mass. In the ΛCDM model, this relationship is unexpected and difficult to justify. If rotation were governed by…

Article 6 Why ModifiedNewtonian Dynamics ImitatesLilborn Curvature The empirical success of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) has long puzzled cosmologists. Without invoking dark matter, MOND correctly predicts the anomalous flattening of galactic rotation curves simply by introducing a characteristic acceleration scale, a₀. Though MOND has no theoretical foundation, its ability to predict observations has made it…

Article 7 EMF Curvature,Not Spacetime Bending This article is the seventh analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B7 corrects one of the most famous misconceptions in modern physics: the belief that Mercury’s anomalous perihelion precession is proof of spacetime curvature. Under the Lilborn Framework, this precession arises from the shallow curvature…

Article 8 Appearance Geometry,Not Gravity This article is the eighth analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B8 confronts one of Einstein’s most celebrated claims: the bending of light by gravity. Under the kinetic worldview, gravitational lensing is treated as direct evidence that spacetime is curved and that photons follow geodesic paths.…

Article 9 Why Inertia = Coherence,Not Gravity This article is the ninth analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B9 dismantles one of the most foundational assumptions in modern physics: the Equivalence Principle. Einstein claimed that inertial and gravitational mass are identical, using this assumption to build General Relativity. Under the Lilborn…

Article 10 Ψ_EMF Gradients,Not Differential Gravity This article is the tenth and final analysis in Category B of the Lilborn Universe Comparative Series. B10 addresses one of the most familiar and widely accepted demonstrations of gravity: the tides. Under the kinetic worldview, tides are explained as differential gravitational forces produced by the Moon. Under the…